- Age Hardening
- An aging process which results in increased strength and hardness.
- Age Softening
- Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys containing magnesium.
- Aging
- Precipitation from solid solution resulting in a change in properties of an alloy, usually occurring slowly at room temperature (natural aging) and more rapidly at elevated temperatures (artificial aging).
- Alclad
- A composite material consisting of an aluminum alloy core with a thin layer of pure aluminum or aluminum alloy bonded to one or both surfaces to enhance corrosion resistance.
- Alloy
- A substance having metallic properties and composed of two or more elements of which at least one is an elemental metal.
- Angularity
- conformity to, or deviation from, specified angular dimensions in the cross section of a shape or bar.
- Angulation
- The deliberate departure from a horizontal passline on the entry side of a rolling mill used for one-side bright rolling.
- Annealing
- A thermal treatment to soften metal by removal of stress resulting from cold working or by coalescing precipitates from solid solution.
- Annealing, Partial
- Thermal treatment (H2X temper nomenclature) given cold worked metal to reduce strength and increase ductility to controlled levels other than annealed temper.
- Anodizing
- Forming a coating on a metal surface produced by electrochemical treatment through anodic oxidation.
- Artificial Aging
- See "Aging."
- Back End Condition
- A condition occurring in the last metal to be extruded. It is a result of the oxidized surface of the billet feeding into the extrusion.
- Backup Rolls
- Nongrooved rolls which stiffen or strengthen work rolls.
- Bar
- A solid, long, and typically straight metal product with a uniform cross-section, such as round, square, or rectangular, used in structural and manufacturing applications.
- Bar, Cold-Finished
- Bar brought to final dimensions by cold work to obtain improved surface finish and dimensional tolerances.
- Bar, Cold-Finished Extruded
- cold-finished bar produced from extruded bar.
- Bar, Cold-Finished Rolled
- cold-finished bar produced from rolled bar.
- Bar, Extruded
- Bar brought to final dimensions by hot extruding.
- Bar, Rolled
- Bar brought to final dimensions by hot rolling.
- Bar, Saw-Plate
- Bar brought to final thickness by hot or cold rolling and to final width by sawing.
- Base Box-General
- An agreed-upon unit of area used primarily in packaging applications. One common base box for aluminum is 31,360 square inches, originally composed of 112 rectangular sheets each 14 by 20 inches.
- Belly
- A loose center buckle extending to near the edges of a sheet.
- Billet
- A hot worked semifinished product suitable for subsequent working by such methods as rolling, forging, extruding, etc.
- Blank
- A piece of metal cut or formed to regular or irregular shape for subsequent processing such as by forming, bending or drawing. The piece of sheet stock cut out by blanking die. It will subsequently be drawn into a cup or end shell.
- Blister
- A raised area on the surface of a extruded product due to subsurface gas expansion. This can occur during extrusion or thermal treatment.
- Blister, Bond
- A raised spot on only one surface of the metal whose origin is between the cladding and core in clad products.
- Blister, Coating
- A blister in the coating of an alclad or a clad product.
- Blister, Core
- A raised spot (one or both sides) on rolled metal.
- Bloom
- A semifinished hot rolled product, rectangular or square in cross section, produced on a blooming mill.
- Blow Hole
- A blister that has ruptured and may produce a void. See also "Blister."
- Boss
- A knoblike projection on the main body of a forging or casting.
- Bottom Dratt
- Taper or slope in the bottom of a forged depression to assist the flow of metal toward the sides of the depressed area.
- Bow
- Longitudinal curvature of rod, bar, profiles (shapes), and tube. Bow is measured after allowing the weight of the extrusion to minimie the deviation. Bow can be caused by a non-uniform extrusion rate across the cross section resulting in one portion of the extrusion being longer than the other or non-uniform contraction during quenching.
- Bow, Lateral
- Deviation from straight of a longitudinal edge.
- Bow, Longitudinal
- Curvature in the plane of sheet or plate in the rolling direction.
- Bow, Transverse
- Curvature across the rolling direction of sheet or plate.
- Brazing
- Joining metals by fusion of nonferrous alloys that have melting points above 425C (800F) but lower than those of the metals being joined. This may be accomplished by means of a torch (torch brazing), in a furnace (furnace brazing), or by dipping in a molten flux bath (dip or flux brazing).
- Brazing Rod
- A rolled, extruded, or casr round filler metal for use in joining by brazing.
- Brazing Sheet
- Sheet of a brazing alloy, or sheet clad with a brazing alloy on one or both sides.
- Brazing Wire
- Wire for use as a filler metal in joining by brazing.
- Broken Die
- A deviation from the desired cross section due to the absence of a certain portion of the die used to extrude the profile (shape).
- Broken Matte Finish
- Nonuniform surface on the inside of packed rolled foil (Bright Spots).
- Buckle
- A distortion of the surface of the metal.
- Buckle, Arbor
- Bend, crease, wrinkle, or departure from flat, occurring perpendicular to the slit edge of a coil and which are repetitive in nature, with severity decreasing as the distance increases in the coil from the original source. Normally, it is found on the ID of a coil but can appear on the coil OD as a result of a prior winding operation.
- Buckle, Center
- Undulation (wavy region) in the center of the metal.
- Buckle, Edge
- Undulation (wavy region) along the edge(s) of the metal.
- Buckle, Trapped
- Undulation (wavy region) which is smaller sized and often circular in shape.
- Buckle, Quarter
- Undulation (wavy region) which occur approximately at both quarter points across the width.
- Buffing
- A mechanical finishing operation in which fine abrasives are applied to a metal surface by rotating fabric wheels for the purpose of developing a lustrous finish.
- Burr
- A thin ridge ofroughness left by a cutting operation such as slitting, trimming, shearing, blanking or sawing.
- Bursting Strength
- The pressure required to rupture a foil specimen when it is tested in a Mullen instrument under specified conditions. See also "Mullen Test."
- Bus Bar
- A rigid electric conductor in the form of a bar.
- Center
- The difference in thickness between the middle and edges (average) of a sheet.
- Chop
- Metal sheared from a vertical surface of a die forging, which is spread by the die over an adjoining horizontal surface.
- Chucking Lug
- A lug or boss added to a forging so that "on center" machining and forming may be performed with one setup or checking. This lug is finally machined or cut away.
- Circle
- A circular blank fabricated from plate, sheet or foil.
- Coating
- Continuous film on the surface of a product.
- Coating Build-Up
- A coating thickness greater than nominal in localized area of sheet, usually along edges, due to uneven application techniques.
- Coating Drip
- A non-uniform extraneous deposit of coating on the coated sheet.
- Coating Oven Trash
- See "Dirt."
- Coating, High or Low
- Failure of the coating to meet the agreed upon thickness limits measured in weight per unit area.
- Cobble
- (l) A jamming of the mill by aluminum product while being rolled. (2) A piece of aluminum which for any reason has become so bent or twisted that it must be withdrawn from the rolling operation and scrapped.
- Coil Orientation
- Clockwise Coil: With the coil core vertical ("eye to the sky") and viewed from above, a trace of the metal edge from the ID to the OD involves clock-wise movement. Counter-Clockwise (Anti-Clockwise) Coil: With the coil core vertical ("eye to the sky") and viewed from above, a trace of the metal edge from the ID to the OD involves counter-clockwise (anti-clockwise) movement.
- Coil Set
- Longitudinal bow in an unwound coil in the same direction as curvature of the wound coil.
- Coil Set Differential
- The difference in coil set from edge to edge of a coiled sheet sample. It is measured with the sample on a flat table, concave side up, and is the difference in elevation of the corners on one end.
- Coil Set, Reversed
- Longitudinal bow in an unwound coil in the direction opposite to the curvature of the wound coil.
- Cold Shut
- (l) A linear discontinuity in a cast surface caused when meeting streams of metal fail to merge prior to solidification. (2) A forging defect developed by metal flowing into a section from two directions, resulting in a discontinuity at the junction.
- Cold Working
- plastic (i.e., permanent) deformation of metal at such temperature and rate that strain-hardening occurs.
- Collapse
- out-of-round condition of coil often due to inappropriate tension during rewinding operations.
- Coloring
- A finishing process, or combination of processes, which alters the appearance of an aluminum surface via coating, chemical and/or mechanical operations.
- Concavity
- Curved like the inner surface of a sphere. See also "Convexity."
- Concentricity
- Conformance to a common center as, for example, the inner and outer walls of round tube.
- Condenser Tube
- The term "Heat-Exchanger Tube" is preferred, unless specific reference to a condenser application is intended.
- Conduit
- A tube used to protect electric Wiring. See also "Tubing, Electrical Metallic."
- Conduit, Rigid
- Conduit having dimensions of ANSI Schedule 40 pipe in standardized length with threaded ends.
- Contour
- That portion of the outline of a transverse cross section of an extruded shape that is represented by a curved line or curved lines.
- Convexity
- curved like the outer surface of a sphere. See also "Concavity"
- Core
- A hollow cylinder on which a coiled product may be wound that forms the inside diameter of a coil.
- Corner Turn-up
- A distortion, buckle or twist condition that causes the corner( s ) of the sheet to deviate from a perfectly flat plane on which it rests.
- Corrosion
- The deterioration of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.
- Corrosion, Exfoliation
- Corrosion that progresses approximately parallel to the metal surface, causing layers of the met(i} to be elevated by the formation of corrosion product.
- Corrosion, Galvanic
- corrosion associated with the current of galvanic cell consisting of two dissimilar conductors in an electrolyte or two similar conductors in dissimilar electrolytes. Aluminum will corrode if it is anodic to the dissimilar metal.
- Corrosion, Intergranular
- Corrosion occurring preferentially at grain boundaries (also termed intercrystalline corrosion).
- Corrosion, Pitting
- Localized corrosion resulting in small pits or craters in a metal surface.
- Corrosion, Stress Cracking
- Failure by cracking resulting from selective directional attack caused by the simultaneous interaction of sustained tensile stress at an exposed surface with the chemical or electro-chemical effects of the surface environment. The term is often abbreviated SCC which correctly stands for stress corrosion surfaces.
- Corrosion, Water Stain
- Superficial oxidation of the surface with a water film, in the absence of circulating air, held between closely adjacent metal surfaces.
- Corrugating
- Forming rolled metal into a series of straight parallel regular alternate grooves and ridges.
- Costing, Conversion
- An inorganic pretreatment sometimes applied to metal surface to enhance coating adhesion and to retard corrosion.
- Coupon
- A piece of metal from which a test specimen may be prepared.
- Covering Area
- Yield expressed in terms of a given number of square inches in a pound. For metric units, use square metres per kilogram.
- Crazing
- A macroscopic effect of numerous surface tears, transverse to the rolling direction, which can occur when the entry angle into the cold mill work rolls is large.
- Crease
- A sharp deviation from flat in the sheet which is transferred from processing equipment subsequent to the roll bite.
- Curl
- An undesirable condition caused by uneven rates of absorption or evaporation of moisture, uneven rates of contraction or expansion, or internal stresses in the material. Curl is most prevalent in laminated structures where the components have differing physical properties.
- Deep Drawing
- Forming a deeply recessed part by forcing sheet metal to undergo plastic flow between dies, usually without substantial thinning of the sheet.
- Defect
- A defect is anything that renders tfle aluminum unfit for the specific use for which it was ordered.
- Dent
- (l) For rolled products, a sharply defined surface impression on the metal which may be caused by a blow from another object. (2) For extrusions, a synonym for handling mark. See "Mark, Handling."
- Dent, Expansion
- Localized surface deviation from flat generated by expansion of vapor during thermal treatment of cold rolled coiled sheet.
- Dent, Repeating
- Repeating depression caused by a particle adhering to a rotating roll over which the metal has passed.
- Die Line
- A longitudinal depression or protrusion formed on the surface of drawn or extruded material. Die lines are present to some degree in all extrusions and are caused by a roughening of the die bearing.
- Die Number
- The number assigned to a die for identification and cataloging purposes, and which usually is assigned for the same purpose to the product produced from that die.
- Dirt
- Foreign debris from rolling or post-rolling operations imbedded in or under the coating.
- Disc
- A circular blank fabricated from plate, sheet or foil, from which a central concentric area has been removed.
- Draft
- Taper on the sides of a die or mold impression to facilitate removal of forgings, castings or patterns from dies or molds.
- Draw and Iron'-Can Bodies
- Term which refers to a method of fabricating a can body in which a cup is drawn from flat sheet, redrawn to the final diameter and then wall ironed to reduce the wall thickness and to achieve the required height.
- Drawing
- (l) In forging, an operation of working metal between flat dies to reduce the cross section and increase length. (2) The process of pulling material through a die to reduce the size, change the cross section or shape, or harden the material.
- Drawing Stock
- A hot worked intermediate solid product of uniform cross section along its whole length, supplied in coils and of a quality suitable for drawing into wire.
- Drawn Product
- A product formed by pulling material through a die.
- Dry Surface
- A foil surface substantially free from oily film, and suitable for lacquering, printing, or coating with water-dispersed adhesives.
- Duct Sheet
- Coiled or flat sheet in specific tempers, widths and thicknesses, suitable for duct applications.
- Ductility
- The property that permits permanent deformation before fracture by stress in tension.
- Earing
- wavy symmetrical projections formed during cupping, deep drawing or spinning. Earing is caused by nonuniform directional properties in the aluminum and/or by improperly adjusted tooling.
- Ears
- Wavy symmetrical projections formed in the course of deep drawing or spinning as a result of directional properties or anisotropy in sheet. Ears occur in groups of 4 or 8 with the peaks of the projections located at 45 degrees and/or at 0 and 90 degrees to the rolling direction. Degree of earing is the difference between average height at the peaks and average height at the valleys, divided by average height at the valleys, multiplied by 100 and expressed in percent.
- Eccentricity
- Deviation from a common center, as, for example, the inner and outer walls of a round tube. The difference between the mean wall thickness and minimum or maximum wall thickness at any one cross section. The permissible degree of eccentricity can be expressed by a plus and minus wall-thickness tolerance.
- Edge, Belled
- Excessive buildup of material on edge(s) during a rewinding operation. Typical causes include excessive edge burr, turned edge, and "dog bone" shaped cross sectional profiles.
- Edge, Broken {Cracked)
- Edge(s) containing crack, split, and/or tear which is caused by inability to deform without fracturing.
- Edge, Damaged
- Edge of a coil that has been bent, torn or scraped by an object.
- Edge, Dropped
- A continuous, downward edge deflection.
- Edge, Liquated
- Surface condition remaining after portions of a side of an as-cast rolling ingot deforms enough during hot rolling to become top and/or bottom surface(s) of the rolled product at an edge.
- Electrical Conductivity
- The capacity of a material to conduct electric current. For aluminum, this capacity is expressed as a percentage of the International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), which has a resistivity of 1/58 ohm-mm2/meter at 68 degrees F and an arbitrarily designated conductivity of unity.
- Electrical Resistivity
- The electrical resistance of a body of unit length and unit cross-sectional area or unit weight. The value of 1/58 ohm-mm2/meter at 68 degrees F is the resistivity equivalent to the International Annealed Copper Standard for 100 percent conductivity. This means that a wire o 100 percent conductivity, 1 meter in length and 1 square millimeter in cross-sectional area would have a resistance of 0.017241 ohms at 68 degress F.
- Elongation
- The percentage increase in distance between two gauge marks that results from stressing the specimen in tension to fracture. The original gauge length is usually 2 inches for flat specimens and round specimens whose diameter is 1/2 inch, or four times the diameter for specimens where that dimension is under 1/2 inch. Elogation values depend to some extent upon size and form of the test specimen. For example, th3 vvalue obtained from sheet specimens will be lower for thin sheet than for thicker sheet.
- Embossing
- Raising a design in relief against a surface.
- Endurance Limit
- The limiting stress below which a material will withstand a specified large number of cycles of stress.
- Equivalent Round
- The diameter of a circle having a circumference equal to the outside perimeter of other than round tube.
- Extrusion
- A product formed by pushing material through a die.
- Extrusion Billet
- The starting stock for the extrusion operation. Extrusion billet is a solid or hollow form, commonly cylindrical and is the length charged into the extrusion press cylinder. It is usually a cast product but may be a wrought product or powder compact.
- Extrusion Butt End Defect
- A longitudinal discontinuity in the extreme rear portion of an extruded product, which is normally discarded.
- Extrusion Ingot
- A cast form that is solid or hollow, usually cylindrical, suitable for extruding. See also "Fabricating Ingot."
- Extrusion Log
- The starting stock for extrusion billet. Extrusion log is usually produced in lengths from which shorter extrusion billets are cut.
- Extrusion Seam
- A region in extruded hollow profiles observed after creating two streams of metal and rejoining them around the mandrel of a porthole or bridge die.
- Fabricating Ingot
- A cast form suitable for subsequent working by such methods as rolling, forging, extruding, etc. ("Rolling Ingot." "Forging Ingot " "Extrusion Ingot")
- Fatigue
- The tendency for a metal to break under conditions of repeated cyclic stressing considerably below the ultimate tensile strength.
- Fillet
- A concave junction between two surfaces.
- Fin
- A thin projection on a forging resulting from trimming or from the metal under pressure being forced into hairline cracks in the die or around die inserts.
- Fin Stock
- coiled sheet or foil in specific alloys, tempers, and thickness ranges suitable for manufacture of fins for heat-exchanger applications.
- Finish
- The characteristics of the surface of a product.
- Flag
- A marker inserted adjacent to the edge at a splice or lap in a roll or foil.
- Flaking
- A condition in coated sheet where portions of the coating become loosened due to inadequate adhesion.
- Flash
- A thin protrusion at the parting line of a forging which forms when metal, in excess of that required to fill the impressions, is forced between the die interfaces.
- Flash Line
- A line left on a forging where flash has been removed.
- Flatness
- A measure of a material's deviation from a perfectly flat surface, often specified as a tolerance in metalworking and fabrication.
- Flow Lines
- (l) Lines on the surface of painted sheet, brought about by incomplete leveling of the paint. (2) The line pattern revealed by etching, which shows the direction of plastic flow on the surface or within a wrought structure.
- Flow Through
- A forging defect caused when metal flows past the base of a rib resulting in rupture of the grain structure.
- FOB
- Free on Board.
- Foil
- A rolled product rectangular in cross section of thickness less than 0.006 inch. In Europe, foil is equal to and less than 0.20 mm.
- Foil, Annealed
- Foil completely softened by thermal treatment.
- Foil, Bright Two Sides
- Foil having a uniform bright specular finish on both sides.
- Foil, Chemically Cleaned
- Foil chemically washed to remove lubricant and foreign material.
- Foil, Embossed
- Foil on which a pattern has been impressed by means of an engraved roll or plate.
- Foil, Etched
- Foil roughened chemically or electrochemically to provide an increased surface area.
- Foil, Hard
- Foil fully work-hardened by rolling.
- Foil, Intermediate Temper
- Foil intermediate in temper between Annealed Foil and Hard Foil.
- Foil, Matte One Side (MIS)
- Foil with a diffuse reflecting finish on one side and a bright specular finish on the other.
- Foil, Mechanically Grained
- A thin sheet of metal, typically aluminum, that has been mechanically textured to improve its surface finish, appearance, or bonding properties.
- Foil, Mill Finish (MF}
- Foil having a non-uniform finish which may vary from coil to coil and within a coil.
- Foil, Scratch Brushed
- Foil abraded, usually with wire brushes, to produce a roughened surface.
- Fold
- A defect in metal where a portion of the material overlaps or is improperly shaped during processing, leading to potential weaknesses or surface imperfections.
- Forgeability
- The term used to describe the relative workability of forging material.
- Forging
- A metal part worked to a predetermined shape by one or more processes such as hammering, upsetting, pressing, rolling, etc.
- Forging Billet
- The term "Forging Stock" is preferred.
- Forging Ingot
- A cast form intended and suitable for subsequent working by the forging process.
- Forging Plane
- A reference plane or planes normal to the direction of applied force from which all draft angles are measured.
- Forging Stock
- A wrought or cast rod, bar or other section suitable for forging.
- Forging, Blocker-Type
- A forging made in a single set of impressions to the general contour of a finished part.
- Forging, Cold-Coined
- A forging that has been restruck cold in order to obtain closer dimensions, to sharpen corners or outlines and in non-heat-treatable alloys, to increase hardness.
- Forging, Die
- A forging formed to the required shape and size by working in impression dies.
- Forging, Draftless
- A forging with zero draft on vertical walls.
- Forging, Flashless
- A closed die forging made in dies constructed and operated to eliminate, in predetermined areas, the formation of flash.
- Forging, Hammer
- A forging produced by repeated blows in a forging hammer.
- Forging, Hand
- A forging worked between flat or simply shaped dies by repeated strokes or blows and manipulation of the piece.
- Forging, Precision
- A forging produced to tolerances closer than standard.
- Forging, Press
- A die forging produced by pressure applied in a forging press.
- Forging, Rolled Ring
- A cylindricalproduct of relatively short height, circumferentially rolled from a hollow section.
- Forging, Upset
- A forging having part or all of its cross section greater than that of the stock.
- Formability
- The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through plastic deformation.
- Fracture Toughness
- A generic term for measure of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of a fracture mechanics test, which is directly applicable in fracture control.
- Gauge
- A term previously used in referring to the thickness of a wrought product. Thickness is preferred in dimension description.
- Gauge, Rolled In
- A more localized gross rolled-in scratch. See also "Scratch, Rolled-in."
- Gouge
- A gross scratch. See "Scratch."
- Grain Flow
- The directional characteristics of the metal structure after working, revealed by etching a polished section.
- Grain Size
- A measure of crystal size usually reported in terms of average diameter in millimeters, grains per square millimeter, or grains per cubic millimeter.
- Hair, Slitter
- Minute hair-like sliver along edge(s) due to shearing or slitting operation.
- Hardener
- An alloy containing at least some aluminum and one or more added elements for use in making alloying additions to molten aluminum. Also referred to as "Master Alloy."
- Hardness
- Resistance to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. The term may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching, abrasion or cutting. Brinell Hardness: Brinell hardness of aluminum alloys is obtained by measuring the permanent impression in the material made by a ball indenter 10 millimeters in diameter after loading with a 500 kilogram-force for 15 seconds and dividing the applied load by the area of the impression. Rockwell Hardness: An indentation test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions.
- Heat Treat Stain
- A discoloration due to non-uniform oxidation of the metal surface during solution heat treatment.
- Heat Treating
- Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Commonly used as a shop term to denote a thermal treatment to increase strength. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition -- See "Solution Heat Treating," "Aging."
- Heat-Treatable Alloy
- An alloy which may be strengthened by a suitable thermal treatment.
- Hole
- Void in rolled product. Typical cause is a non-metallic inclusion during rolling.
- Holiday
- Region where film is absent due to non-wetting of the metal surface by the coating.
- Homogenizing
- Is a process whereby ingots are raised to temperatures near the solidus temperature and held at that temperature for varying lengths of time. The purposes of this process are to (l) reduce microsegregation by promoting diffusion of solute atoms within the grains of aluminum and (2) improve workability.
- Hook
- An abrupt deviation from straightness. Hook can be caused by non-uniform metal flow during breakthrough. See also "Bow."
- Hot Shortness
- A condition of the metal at excessively high working temperatures characterized by low mechanical strength and a tendency for the metal to crack rather than deform.
- Hot SpOt
- Dark grey or black surface patches appearing after anodizing. These areas are usually associated with lower hardness and coarse magnesium silicide precipitate caused by non-uniform cooling after extrusion.
- Hot Working
- Plastic deformation of metal at such temperature and rate that strain hardening does not occur.
- Impact
- A part formed in a confining die from a metal slug, usually cold, by rapid single stroke application of force through a punch, causing the metal to flow around the punch and/or through an opening in the punch or die.
- Inclusion
- Foreign material in the metal or impressed into the surface.
- Inclusion, Stringer
- An impurity, metallic or non-metallic, which is trapped in the ingot and elongated subsequently in the direction of working. It may be revealed during working or finishing as a narrow streak parallel to the direction of working.
- Interleaving
- The insertion of paper or application of suitable strippable coatings between layers of metal to protect from damage.
- Kink
- (1) For rolled products, an abrupt bend or deviation from flat which is caused by localized bending during handling. (2) For extrusions, an abrupt deviation from straightness. A kink can be caused by handling.
- Lacquer
- Occasionally used to describe oil stain. See "Stain, Oil."
- Lamination
- A condition in metal where layers or separations exist within the material, often caused by defects in rolling or casting, potentially reducing strength and integrity.
- Layout Sample
- A prototype forging or a "cast" used to determine conformance to designed dimensions.
- Leveling
- The mechanical flattening of plate, sheet or foil.
- Leveling, Roller
- Leveling carried out by bending.
- Leveling, Stretcher
- Leveling carried out by uniaxial tension.
- Leveling, Tension
- Leveling continuously carried out by uniaxial stretching usually with the assistance of bending.
- Leveling, Thermal
- Leveling carried out at an elevated temperature under an applied load normal to the surface to be flattened.
- Line, Flow
- The line pattern which shows the direction of flow on the surface.
- Line, Looper
- Closely spaced symmetrical lines on the surface of metal which has undergone non-uniform deformation, usually in a drawing operation.
- Line, LuderS
- Elongated surface markings or depressions appearing in patterns caused by localized plastic deformation that results from non-uniform yielding.
- Liner
- The slab ofcoating metal that is placed on the core alloy and is subsequently rolled down to clad sheet as composite.
- Liquation
- The bleeding of the low-melting constituents through the solidified ingot surface.
- Lock
- A condition in which the parting line of a forging is not all in one plane.
- Long Transverse Direction
- For plate, sheet and forgings, the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction which is also at right angles to the thickness of the product. See also "Longitudinal Direction."
- Longitudinal Direction
- The direction of major metal flow in a working operation.
- Lot, Heat Treat
- A group of metal products that have undergone the same heat treatment process under identical conditions to ensure consistent mechanical properties.
- Lot, Inspection
- A defined quantity of material or products grouped together for quality control and inspection purposes to ensure compliance with specifications.
- Lube, High
- Lubricant limit exceeds the maximum agreed upon limit measured in weight per unit area.
- Lube, Low
- Failure of the lubricant to meet the agreed upon minimum limit measured in weight per unit area.
- Mark
- Damage in the surface of the product whose name is often described by source.
- Mark, Arbor
- Surface damage in the vicinity ofa coil ill caused by contact with a roughened, damaged or non-circular arbor.
- Mark, Bearing
- A depression in the extruded surface caused by a change in bearing length in the extrusion die.
- Mark, Bite
- A line which is generally perpendicular to the rolling direction.
- Mark, Bristle
- Raised surface about one inch long, crimped wire shaped and oriented in any direction.
- Mark, Carbon
- Gray or black surface marking caused by contact with carbon runout blocks.
- Mark, Chatter (Roll or Leveller)
- Numerous intermittent lines or grooves that are usually full width and perpendicular to the rolling or extrusion direction.
- Mark, Edge Follower
- Faint intermittent marks at the edge of a cold rolled product which are usually perpendicular to the rolling direction. This mark is caused by action of devices designed to rewind coils without weave.
- Mark, Handling
- (l) For rolled products, an area of broken surface that is introduced after processing. The mark usually has no relationship to the rolling direction. (2) For extrusions, damage that can be imparted to the surface during handling operations.
- Mark, Heat Treat Contact
- Brownish, iridescent, irregularly shaped stain with a slight abrasion located somewhere within the boundary of the stain. It is a result of metal-to-metal contact during the quenching of solution heat-treated flat sheet or plate.
- Mark, Inclusion
- Appearance of surface where actual inclusion or the void it left is observed. See also "Inclusion, Stringer."
- Mark, Knife
- A continuous scratch (which may also be creased) near a slit edge, caused by sheet contacting the slitter knife.
- Mark, Knock-Out
- A small solid protrusion or circular fin on a forging or a casting, resulting from the depression of a knock-out pin under pressure or inflow of metal between the knock-out pin and the die or mold.
- Mark, Mike
- Narrow continuous line near the rolled edge caused by a contacting micrometer.
- Mark, Roil
- A surface imperfection on metal, often appearing as a wave or irregularity, caused by rolling or processing inconsistencies.
- Mark, Roll Bruise
- A greatly enlarged roll mark whose height or depth is very shallow. See also "Mark, Roll."
- Mark, Roll Skid
- A full width line perpendicular to the rolling direction and repeating as a function of a work roll diameter.
- Mark, Rub
- A large number of very fine scratches or abrasions. A rub mark can occur by metal-to-metal contact, movement in handling and movement in transit.
- Mark, Snap
- A band-like pattern around the full perimeter of an extruded section and perpendicular to its length. A snap mark can occur whenever there is an abrupt change in the extrusion process. See also "Mark, Stop."
- Mark, Stop
- A band-like pattern around the full perimeter of an extruded section and perpendicular to its length. A stop mark occurs whenever the extrusion process is suspended. See also "Mark, Snap."
- Mark, Stretcher Jaw
- A cross hatched appearance left by jaws at the end(s) of metal that has been stretched. These marks are Seen if insufficient metal has been removed after the stretching operation.
- Mark, Traffic
- A mark or abrasion on the surface of metal resulting from handling, transportation, or contact with other materials during processing or shipment.
- Mark, Whip
- A surface abrasion which is generally diagonal to the rolling direction. It is caused by a fluttering action of the metal as it enters the rolling mill.
- Mean Diameter
- The average of two measurements of the diameter at right angles to each other.
- Mechanical Properties
- The physical characteristics of a metal, such as strength, hardness, ductility, and toughness, that define its behavior under mechanical forces.
- Mike Mark
- Narrow continuous line near the rolled edge caused by a contacting micrometer.
- Minimum Residual Stress (MRS)
- The term applied to products, usually flat rolled, which have been processed to minimize internal stress of the kind that causes distortion when material is disproportionately removed from one of the two surfaces through mechanical or chemical means.
- Mismatch
- Error in register between two halves of a forging by opposing die halves not being in perfect alignment.
- Modulus of Elasticity
- The ratio of stress to corresponding strain throughout the range where they are proportional. As there are three kinds of stresses. so there are three kinds of moduli of elasticity for any material--modulus in tension, in compression, and in shear.
- Mottling, Pressure
- Non-uniform surface appearance resulting from uneven pressure distribution between adjacent layers of the product.
- Mullen Test
- Measurement of bursting strength of foil in pounds per square inch. Testing machine applies increasing pressure to one square inch of the sample until it ruptures.
- Natural Aging
- See "Aging."
- Non-Heat-Treatable Alloy
- An alloy which can be strengthened only by cold work.
- Nonfill
- Failure of metal to fill a forging die impression.
- Notch, Double Shear
- An abrupt deviation from straight on a sheared edge. This offset may occur if the flat sheet or plate product is longer than the blade for the final shearing operation.
- Off Gauge
- Deviation of thickness or diameter of a solid product, or wall thickness of a tubular product, from the standard or specified dimensional tolerances.
- Offset
- A dimensional deviation or displacement in a metal product, often caused by misalignment in rolling, extrusion, or forming processes.
- Orange Peel
- Surface roughening on formed products which occurs when large grains in the metal are present.
- Oscillation
- uneven wrap in coiling and lateral travel during winding. Improper alignment of rolls over which the metal passes before rewinding and insufficient rewind tension are typical causes. See also "Telescoping."
- Out-of-Register
- An embossed pattern distortion due to misalignment of the male and female embossing rolls.
- Ovality
- The degree to which a cylindrical metal product deviates from a perfect circular cross-section, typically specified as a tolerance in tubing and bar stock.
- Pack Rolling
- The simultaneous rolling of two or more thicknesses of foil.
- Parent Coil
- A coil that has been processed to final temper as a single unit. The parent coil may subsequently be cut into two or more smaller coils or into individual sheets or plates to provide the required width and length.
- Parent Plate
- A plate that has been processed to final temper as a single unit. The parent plate may subsequently be cut into two or more smaller plates to provide the required width and length.
- Parting Line
- A visible line on a cast or forged metal part that marks the separation between different sections of the mold or die.
- Physical Properties
- The properties, other than mechanical properties, that pertain to the physics of a material; for example, density, electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, thermal expansion.
- Pick-Off
- The transfer of portions of the coating from one surface of the sheet to an adjacent surface due to poor adhesion of the coating.
- PickUp
- Small particles of oxide adhering to the surface of a product at irregular intervals.
- Pickup, Roll
- small particles of aluminum and aluminum oxide generated in the roll bite which subsequently transfer to the rolled product. It may be distributed uniformly and/ or in streaks. See also "Streak, Coating."
- PIE
- Price in effect at time of purchase.
- Pinhole
- (1) Minute hole in foil. (2) A small-sized void in the coating of a sheet or foil product. A typical cause is solvent popping.
- Pipe
- Tube in standardized combinations of outside diameter and wall thickness, commonly designated by "Nominal Pipe Sizes" and "ANSI Schedule Numbers."
- Pipe, Drawn
- Pipe brought to the final dimensions by drawing through a die.
- Pipe, Extruded
- Pipe formed by hot extruding.
- Pipe, Seamless
- Extruded or drawn pipe which does not contain any line junctures resulting from the method of manufacture.
- Pipe, Structural
- Pipe commonly used for structural purposes.
- Pit
- A depression in the rolled surface which is usually not visible from opposite side.
- Plate
- :A rolled product that is rectangular in cross section and with thickness not less than 0.250 inch with sheared or sawed edges.
- Plate Circle
- circle cut from plate.
- Plate, Alclad
- A thick, flat metal sheet composed of an aluminum alloy core with a bonded layer of corrosion-resistant aluminum on one or both sides.
- Pop, Solvent
- Blister and/or void in the coating resulting from trapped solvents released during curing process.
- Precipitation Hardening
- See "Aging."
- Precipitation Heat Treating
- See "Aging."
- Preheating
- A high temperature soaking treatment to provide a desired metallurgical structure. Homogenizing is a form of preheating.
- Profile
- A wrought product that is long in relation to its cross-sectional dimensions which is of a form other than that of sheet, plate, rod, bar, tube, wire or foil.
- Profile, Class 1 Hollow Extruded
- A hollow extruded profile, the void of which is round and 1 inch or more in diameter and whose weight is equally distributed on opposite sides of two or more equally spaced axes.
- Profile, Class 2 Hollow Extruded
- Any hollow extruded profile other than Class 1, which does not exceed a 5-inch diameter circumscribing circle and has a single void of not less than O.375-inch diameter or 0.11O-square inch area.
- Profile, Class 3 Hollow Extruded
- Any hollow extruded profile other than Class 1 or Class 2.
- Profile, Cold-Finished
- A profile brought to final dimensions by cold-working to obtain improved surface finish and dimensional tolerances.
- Profile, Cold-Finished Extruded
- A profile produced by cold-finishing an extruded profile.
- Profile, Cold-Finished Rolled
- A profile produced by cold-finishing a rolled profile.
- Profile, Drawn
- A profile brought to final dimensions by drawing through a die.
- Profile, Extruded
- A profile produced by hot extruding.
- Profile, Flute Hollow
- A hollow profile having plain inside surfaces and whose outside surfaces comprise regular, longitudinal, concave corrugations with sharp cusps between corrugations.
- Profile, Helical Extruded
- An extruded profile twisted along its length.
- Profile, Hollow
- A profile any part of whose cross section completely encloses a void.
- Profile, Lip Hollow
- A hollow profile of generally circular cross section and nominally uniform wall thickness with one hollow or solid protuberance or lip parallel to the longitudinal axis; used principally for heat-exchange purposes.
- Profile, Pinion Hollow
- A hollow profile with regularly spaced, longitudinal serrations outside and round inside, used primarily for making small gears.
- Profile, Rolled
- A profile produced by hot rolling.
- Profile, Semihollow
- An extruded shape that has partially enclosed voids or cavities, typically used in lightweight structural applications.
- Profile, Solid
- A profile other than hollow or semihollow.
- Profile, Stepped Extruded
- An extruded profile whose cross section changes abruptly in area at intervals along its length.
- Profile, Streamline Hollow
- A hollow profile with a cross section of tear-drop shape.
- Profile, Structural
- An extruded metal shape designed for load-bearing applications, often with specific cross-sectional geometries for strength and rigidity.
- Profile, Tapered Extruded
- An extruded profile whose cross section changes continuously in area along its length or a specified portion thereof.
- Quenching
- Controlled rapid cooling of a metal from an elevated temperature by contact with a liquid, a gas, or a solid.
- RCS
- Abbreviation for Rigid Container Sheet.
- Redraw Rod
- This term is not recommended. The term "Drawing Stock" is preferred.
- Refined Aluminum
- Aluminum of very high purity (99.950 percent or higher) obtained by special metallurgical treatments.
- Reflector Sheet
- Sheet suitable for the manufacture of reflectors.
- Reheating
- Heating metal again to hot-working temperature. In general no structural changes are intended.
- Reoil
- oil put on the sheet after cleaning and before coiling for shipment to prevent water stain.
- Reroll Stock
- A semi-finished rolled product of rectangular cross section in coiled form suitable for further rolling. Examples: "Foil Stock" and "Sheet Stock."
- Rib
- An elongated projection on a shape, forging or casting to provide stiffening.
- Rod
- A solid wrought product that is long in relation to its circular cross section, which is not less than 0.375 inch diameter.
- Rod, Alclad
- Rod having on its surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core alloy to which it is bonded, thus electrolytically protecting the core alloy against corrosion.
- Rod, Cold-Finished
- Rod brought to final dimensions by cold working to obtain improved surface finish and dimensional tolerances.
- Rod, Cold-Finished Extruded
- Rod produced by cold working extruded rod.
- Rod, Cold-Finished Rolled
- Rod produced by cold working rolled rod.
- Rod, Cold-Heading
- Rod of a quality suitable for use in the manufacture of cold-headed products such as rivets and bolts.
- Rod, Extruded
- Rod produced by hot extruding.
- Rod, Rolled
- Rod produced by hot rolling.
- Roll Grind
- The uniform ground finish on the work rolls which is imparted to the sheet or plate during rolling.
- Rolled-in Metal
- An extraneous chip or particle of metal rolled into the surface of the product.
- Rolling Slab
- A rectangular semifinished product, produced by hot rolling fabricating ingot and suitable for further rolling.
- Roofing Sheet
- Coiled or flat sheet in specific tempers, widths, and thicknesses suitable for the manufacture of corrugated or v-crimp roofing.
- Roping
- A rope-like appearance in the rolling direction after the metal has undergone severe deformation.
- Roundness
- This term is not recommended. The term "Ovality" is preferred.
- Rub, Tool
- A surface area showing a scratch or abrasion resulting from contact of the hot extrusion with the press equipment or tooling or, in the case of multi-hole dies, with others sections as they exit the press.
- Sample
- A part, portion, or piece taken for purposes of inspection or test as representative of the whole.
- Scalping
- Mechanical removal of the surface layer from a fabricating ingot or semi-finished wrought product so that surface imperfections will not be worked into the finished product.
- Scratch
- (1) For rolled products, a sharp indentation in the surface usually caused by a machine or during handling. (2) For extrusions, a synonym for handling mark. See "Mark, Handling."
- Scratch, Drawn-ln
- A scratch occurring during the fabricating process and subsequently drawn over, making it relatively smooth to the touch.
- Scratch, Friction
- A scratch caused by relative motion between two contacting surfaces.
- Scratch, Handling
- A more severe form ofrub mark. See "Mark, Rub."
- Scratch, Machine
- An indentation which is straight, is in the rolling direction and is caused by contact with a sharp projection on equipment.
- Scratch, Oscillation
- Minor indentations at an angle to the rolling direction that result from coil oscillation during unwinding or rewinding.
- Scratch, Oven
- A scratch which is caused by moving contact of coating against a non-moving object in an oven.
- Scratch, Rolled-ln
- A scratch which is subsequently rolled. It will then appear as a greyish white ladder (distinct transverse lines within the longitudinal indentation).
- Scratch, Slippage
- See "Scratch, Tension."
- Scratch, Tension
- A short longitudinal indentation parallel to the rolling direction.
- Seam Defect
- An unbonded fold or lap on the surface.of the metal, which appears as a crack, usually the result of a defect in working that has not bonded shut.
- Seam, Extrusion
- The junction line of metal that has passed through a hollow die, separated and rejoined at the exit point. Seams are present in all extruded hollows produced from the direct extrusion process and in many cases are not visible. See "Weld, Incomplete."
- Seamless
- A hollow product which does not contain any line junctures resulting from method of manufacture.
- Section Number
- The number assigned to an extruded or drawn profile (shape) for identification and cataloging purposes, usually the same number assigned for the same purpose to the die from which the profile (shape) is made.
- Shape
- This term is no longer recommended. The term "Profile" is preferred. See "Profile."
- Shear Strength
- The ability of a metal to resist forces that cause one layer to slide against another, a key property in fasteners and structural components.
- Sheet
- A rolled product that is rectangular in cross section with thickness less than 0.250 inch but not less than 0.006 inch and with slit, sheared or sawed edges.
- Sheet, Alclad
- A thin, flat metal product with an aluminum alloy core and a corrosion-resistant aluminum layer applied to one or both sides.
- Sheet, Anodizing
- Sheet with metallurgical characteristics and surface quality suitable for the development of protective and decorative films by anodic oxidation processes.
- Sheet, Clad
- Composite sheet having on both surfaces (if on one side only, Clad One Side Sheet) a metallurgically bonded metal coating, the composition of which may or may not be the same as that of the core.
- Sheet, Coiled
- Sheet in coils with slit edges.
- Sheet, Coiled Circles
- Circles cut from coiled sheet.
- Sheet, Coiled Cut to Length
- Sheet cut to specified length from coils and which has a lesser degree of flatness than flat sheet.
- Sheet, Flat
- Sheet with sheared, slit or sawed edges, which has been flattened or leveled.
- Sheet, Flat Circles
- Circles cut from flat sheet.
- Sheet, Mill Finish (MF)
- Sheet having a non-uniform finish that may vary from sheet to sheet and within a sheet, and may not be entirely free from stains or oil.
- Sheet, One Side Bright Mill Finish (1SBMF)
- sheet having a moderate degree of brightness on one side and a mill finish on the other.
- Sheet, Painted
- sheet, one or both sides of which has a factory-applied paint coating of controlled thickness.
- Sheet, Standard One Side Bright Finish (S1SBF)
- Sheet having a uniform bright finish on one side and a mill finish on the other.
- Sheet, Standard Two Sides Bright Finish (S2SBF)
- Sheet having a uniform bright finish on both sides.
- Short Transverse Direction
- For plate, sheet and forgings, the direction through the thickness perpendicular to both longitudinal and long transverse directions.
- Shrinkage
- contraction that occurs when metal cools from the hot-working temperature.
- Side Set
- A difference in thickness between the two edges of plate, sheet or foil. .
- Skip
- An area of uncoated sheet which is frequently caused by equipment malfunction.
- Slippage Scratch
- See "Scratch, Tension."
- Sliver
- Thin fragment of aluminum which is part of the material but only partially attached. Surface damage or residualliquation which is subsequently rolled are typical causes.
- Slug
- A metal blank for forging or impacting.
- Smudge
- A dark film of debris, sometimes covering large areas, deposited on the sheet during rolling.
- Snaking
- A series of reversing lateral bows in coil products. This condition is caused by a weaving action during an unwinding or rewinding operation.
- Solution Heat Treating
- Heating an alloy at a suitable temperature for sufficient time to allow soluble constituents to enter into solid solution where they are retained in a supersaturated state after quenching.
- Specimen
- That portion of a sample taken for evaluation of some specific characteristic or property.
- Splice
- The end joint uniting two webs.
- Spot, Lube
- A non-uniform extraneous deposit oflube on the coated sheet.
- Squareness
- Characteristic of having adjacent sides or planes meeting at 90 degrees.
- Stabilizing
- A low temperature thermal treatment designed to prevent age-softening in certain strain hardened alloys containing magnesium.
- Stain, Heat Treat
- A discoloration due to non-uniform oxidation of the metal surface during heat treatment.
- Stain, Oil
- Surface discoloration which may vary from dark brown to white and is produced during thermal treatment by incomplete evaporation and/or oxidation of lubricants on the surface.
- Stain, Saw Lubricant
- A yellow to brown area of surface discoloration at the ends of the extruded length. It is the residue of certain types of saw lubricants if they are not removed from the metal prior to the thermal treatment.
- Starvation
- Non-uniform coating application results in absence of coating in certain areas.
- Sticking
- Adherence offoil surfaces sufficient to interfere with the normal ease of unwinding.
- Straightness
- The absence of divergence from a right (straight) line in the direction of measurement.
- Strain
- The measure of deformation or elongation in a material when subjected to stress, often expressed as a percentage of its original length.
- Strain Hardening
- Modification of a metal structure by cold working resulting in an increase in strength and hardness with loss of ductility.
- Streak (Stripe)
- A superficial band or elongated mark which produces a non-uniform surface appearance. A streak is often described by source.
- Streak, Bearing
- A longitudinal discoloration that can occur where there are large changes in wall thickness as a result of uneven cooling. These streaks usually appear lighter than the surrounding metal.
- Streak, Bright
- A bright superficial band or elongated mark which produces a non-uniform surface appearance.
- Streak, Buff
- A dull continuous streak caused by smudge buildup on a buff used at shearing or other operations.
- Streak, Burnish
- A bright region on the sheet caused by excessive roll surface wear.
- Streak, Coating
- A banded condition caused by non-uniform adherence of roll coating to a work roll. It can be created during hot and/or cold rolling. If generated in the hot rolling process, it is also called "Hot Mill Pickup."
- Streak, Diffusion
- Surface discoloration which may vary from gray to brown and found only on Alclad products.
- Streak, Dirt
- A surface defect on metal characterized by lines or streaks caused by contamination during processing, which can affect appearance and quality.
- Streak, Grease
- A narrow discontinuous streak caused by rolling over an area containing grossly excessive lubricant drippage.
- Streak, Grinding
- A streak with a helical pattern appearance transferred to a rolled product from a work roll.
- Streak, Heat
- Milky colored band(s) parallel to the rolling direction which vary in both width and exact location along the length.
- Streak, Herringbone
- Elongated alternately bright and dull chevron markings.
- Streak, Leveller
- A streak on the sheet surface in the rolling direction caused by transfer from the leveler rolls.
- Streak, Roll
- A non-uniform surface appearance parallel to the rolling direction.
- Streak, Structural
- A non-uniform appearance on an etched or anodized surface caused by heterogeneities (variabilities) remaining in the metal from the casting, thermal processes or hot working stages of fabrication.
- Stress
- Force per unit of area. Stress is normally calculated on the basis of the original cross-sectional dimensions. The three kinds of stresses are tensile, compressive, and shear.
- Stress Relieving
- The reduction of the effects of internal residual stresses by thermal or mechanical means.
- Striation
- Longitudinal non-uniform coating thickness caused by uneven application of the liquid coating.
- Strip
- This term is not recommended. The term "Sheet" is preferred.
- Suck-ln
- A defect caused when one face of a forging is sucked in to fill a projection on the opposite side.
- Surface Tear
- Minute surface cracks on rolled products which can be caused by insufficient ingot scalping.
- Tear, Speed
- A series of surface cracks perpendicular to the extruding direction. Speed tearing normally occurs in corner radii or extremities of a section and is caused by localized high temperature.
- Telescoping
- Lateral stacking, primariy in one direction, of wraps in a coil so that the edges of the coil are conical rather than flat Improper alignment of rolls over which the metal passes before rewinding is a typical cause. See also "Oscillation."
- Temper
- The condition produced by either mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure and mechanical properties.
- Tensile Strength
- In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area. Also called "Ultimate Strength."
- Tolerance
- Allowable deviation from a nominal or specified dimension.
- Tool
- A term usually referring to the dies, mandrels, etc., used in the production of extruded or drawn shapes or tube.
- Tooling Plate
- A precision-machined metal plate, often aluminum, designed for manufacturing tools, fixtures, and machining applications requiring high stability and flatness.
- Torn Surface
- A deep longitudinal rub mark resulting from abrasion by extrusion or drawing tools.
- Traffic Mark
- See "Mark, Traffic" – A surface abrasion or damage resulting from handling or transportation.
- Transverse Direction
- A direction perpendicular to the direction of working.
- Tread Plate
- sheet or plate having a raised figured pattern on one surface to provide improved traction.
- Trim Inclusion
- Edge trimming accidentally wound into a roll of foil.
- Tube
- A hollow cylindrical metal product used in various applications, including structural, fluid transport, and mechanical components.
- Tube Bloom
- This term is not recommended. The term "Tube Stock" is preferred.
- Tube Stock
- A semifinished tube suitable for the production of drawn tube.
- Tube, Alclad
- composite tube composed of an aluminum alloy core having on either the inside or outside surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core, thus electrolytically protecting the core against corrosion.
- Tube, Arc-Welded
- Tube made from sheet or plate butt welded by either gas-tungsten or gas-metal arc-welding method, with or without the use of filler metal.
- Tube, Brazed
- A tube produced by forming and seam-brazing sheet.
- Tube, Butt-Welded
- A welded tube, the seam of which is formed by positioning one edge of the sheet against the other for welding.
- Tube, Drawn
- A tube brought to final dimensions by cold drawing through a die. (Note: This product may be produced from either seamless or non-seamless extruded stock or from welded stock.)
- Tube, Embossed
- A tube the outside surface of which has been roll-embossed with a design in relief regularly repeated in a longitudinal direction.
- Tube, Extruded
- A tube formed by hot extruding. (Note: This product may be either seamless or non-seamless.)
- Tube, Finned
- Tube which has integral fins or projections protruding from its outside surface.
- Tube, Fluted
- A tube of nominally uniform wall thickness having regular, longitudinal, concave corrugations with sharp cusps between corrugations.
- Tube, Heat-Exchanger
- A tube for use in apparatus in which fluid inside the tube will be heated or cooled by huid outside the tube. The term usually is not applied to coiled tube or to tubes for use in refrigerators or radiators.
- Tube, Helical-Welded
- A welded tube produced by winding the sheet to form a closed helix and joining the edges of the seam by welding.
- Tube, Lap-Welded
- A welded tube the seam of which is formed by longitudinally lapping the edges of the sheet for welding.
- Tube, Lock-Seam
- A tube produced by forming and mechanically lock-seaming sheet.
- Tube, Open-Seam
- A tube that is not fully welded or joined, often formed from a sheet or strip of metal with an intentionally open seam for specific applications.
- Tube, Redraw
- This term is not recommended. The term "Tube Stock" is preferred.
- Tube, Seamless
- A tube that does not contain any line junctures (metallurgicalwelds) resulting from the method of manufacture. (Note: This product may be produced by die and mandrel or by hot piercer processes.)
- Tube, Sized
- A tube that, after extrusion, has been cold drawn a slight amount to minimize ovality.
- Tube, Stepped Drawn
- A drawn tube whose cross section changes abruptly in area at intervals along its length.
- Tube, Structural
- Tube commonly used for structural purposes.
- Tube, Welded
- A tube produced by forming and seam-welding sheet longitudinally.
- Tubing
- This term is not recommended. The term "tube" is preferred.
- Tubing-Electrical Metallic
- A type of thin-walled steel conduit used to protect and route electrical wiring in buildings and industrial settings.
- Tubular Conductor
- A tubular product suitable for use as an electric conductor.
- Twist
- (l) For rolled products, a winding departure from flatness. (2) For extrusions, a winding departure from straightness.
- Two-Tone
- A sharp color demarcation in the appearance of the metal due to a difference in the work roll coating.
- Vent Mark
- A small protrusion on a forging resulting from the entrance of metal into a die vent hole.
- Web
- (l) A single thickness offoil as it leaves the rolling mill. (2) A connecting element between ribs, flanges, or bosses on shapes and forgings.
- Weld, Incomplete
- The junction line of metal that has passed through a die forming a hollow profile (shape), separated and not completely rejoined. Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld integrity.
- Welding
- A process of joining metal pieces by melting and fusing them together, often using heat, pressure, or filler material.
- Welding Rod
- A rolled, extruded, or cast round filler metal for use in joining by welding.
- Welding Wire
- Wire for use as filler metal in joining by welding.
- Wettability Test
- The degree to which a metal surface may be wet to determine the absence of or the amount of residual rolling or added lubricants or deposits on the surface.
- Wire
- A long, thin, and flexible metal product, often used for electrical, structural, or industrial purposes.
- Wire, Alclad
- A wire composed of an aluminum alloy core with a corrosion-resistant aluminum coating to enhance durability and longevity.
- Wire, Cold-Heading
- Wire of quality suitable for use in the manufacture of cold-headed products such as rivets and bolts.
- Wire, Drawn
- Wire brought to final dimensions by drawing through a die.
- Wire, Extruded
- Wire produced by hot extruding.
- Wire, Flattened
- wire having two parallel flat surfaces and rounded edges produced by roll-flattening round wire.
- Wire, Flattened and Slit
- Flattened wire that has been slit to obtain square edges.
- Workability
- The relative ease with which various alloys may be formed by rolling, extruding, forging, etc.
- Wrap, Loose
- A condition in a coil due to insufficient tension which creates a small void between adjacent wraps.
- Wrought Product
- A product that has been subjected to mechanical working by such processes as rolling, extruding, forging, etc.
- Yield Strength
- The stress at which a material exhibits a specified permanent set The offset used for aluminum and its alloys is 0.2 percent of gauge length. For aluminum alloys the yield strengths in tension and compression are approximately equal.
